Plato Immortality of the Soul - 1505 Words

PHAEDO: IMMORTALITY OF SOUL In the dialogue Phaedo Plato discusses the immortality of the soul. He presents four different arguments to prove the fact that although the body of the human perishes after death; the soul still exists and remains eternal. Firstly, he explains the Argument from Opposites that is about the forms and their existence in opposite forms. His second argument is Theory of Recollection which assumes that each and every information that one has in his/her mind is related to information and plays an important role in remembering. While trying to convince his readers, Plato proposes another argument claiming that the soul and the body are different forms. While the body is visible and mortal, the soul is invisible and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Plato suggests that soul is immortal and does not vanish away with death and it is a living entity. In order to broaden his listener’s perspective on immortality of the soul, Plato guides his listeners in grasping that there are tw o kinds of existences: visible and invisible. He tries to demonstrate the fact that when the body is visible and mortal, the soul belongs to invisible category. Therefore, when one dies, the visible part of the body vanishes away, while the soul preserves its existence. Lastly, Plato uses his Theory of Forms which proposes that every quality has to participate in a form in order to exist. Plato believes that the soul exists in Form of Life which enables it to become alive and immortal. That is, Plato associates soul with life pointing out its immortality one more time. Plato finishes the dialogue by showing that Socrates has no fear of death since his soul will exist after death. Plato does not perceive death as an end but a new beginning. He finishes by showing Socrates’ commitment to his own ideas. In this dialogue, Plato proves Socrates’ loyalty to his own ideas. While trying to prove the immortality of the soul, Plato proposes many arguments. While questioning it, some of his arguments fall short of persuasion. Firstly, it is important to realize why Plato believes in immortality of the soul. It seems that since philosophers do not give muchShow MoreRelatedPlato s Views On The Immortality Of The Soul1391 Words   |  6 Pagesdialogues Phaedo, Plato touches on some of the theories of Socrates that focus on the immortality of the soul. Plato explains four main arguments that attempt to prove that the soul is indeed immortal. After reviewing and analyzing the arguments given, I have come to the conclusion that Plato’s premises are not true. I believe that the arguments he offers are in some way invalid. In order to prove the validity of each discourse, I will evaluate each of the four arguments Plato presents. BeforeRead MorePlato s Phaedo For The Immortality Of The Soul1701 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s final argument in Phaedo for the immortality of the soul is one of the most interesting topics of all time. The argument of whether the soul exists has been debated for years and even today. It goes hand to hand with the application of the theory of forms to the question of the soul s immortality, as Plato constantly reminds us, the theory of forms is the most certain of all his theories. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince us of the immortality of the soul by using several main argumentsRead MorePlato’s 1st Argument for the Immortality of the Soul from Opposites and Theory of Reincarnation999 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s 1st argument for the Immortality of the Soul from opposites and Theory of Reincarnation Plato’s Phaedo is a dialog between Phaedo, Cebes and Simmias where Socrates gives some arguments for the immortality of the soul. In this work, Phaedo tells us about Socrates’ final days, who has been convicted to death. Great philosopher does not have a fear of death because he believes that when a man dies, the soul still exists even if the body perishes. Trying to prove his argumentsRead MoreWhy Does Plato Think That the Soul Is Immortal? Is He Right? Discuss with Close Reference to Phaedo 102a-107b.1609 Words   |  7 PagesWhy does Plato think that the soul is immortal? Is he right? Discuss with close reference to Phaedo 102a-107b. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince the reader of the immortality of the soul using four main arguments. These include the argument of affinity, recollection, Forms and the law of opposites. In the final passage of the Phaedo, (Grube, 2002:102a-107b), Plato provides his ‘Final Proof’, despite seeming like the most conclusive argument it is not necessarily the most convincing. PlatoRead MoreThe Flaws of Plato ´s Phaedo Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the immortality of the soul is one of the most interesting topics of all time. It goes hand to hand with the application of the theory of forms to the question of the souls immortality, as Plato constantly reminds us, the theory of forms is the most certain of all his theories. The Phaedo is Plato’s attempt to convince us of the immortality of the soul by using several main arguments. These include the argument of forms and the law of opposites. In the final passage of the Phaedo, Plato providesRead More Recollection in Platos Phaedo and Meno Essay602 Words   |  3 Pagestexts, Plato is often misrepresented as merely reproducing Socratic rhetoric. In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his mentors brilliant sophistry. Amidst discussing whether or not virtue can be taught, Meno poses a difficult paradox: How can one be virtuous, or seek virtue, when one cannot know what it is? How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all? (Plato, Meno, 80d). From this question, Plato purposesRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Matrix1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthe real world, where they send a message marking the beginning the war against the A.I., predicting the A.I.’s defeat and the resurgence of mankind. The treatment of the soul and death within The Matrix universe is sustained by a set of assumptions about the nature of both the soul and death. The first being that if the soul is defined as an immaterial and incorporeal â€Å"you† that can exist beyond the body and is immortal – it doesn’t exist within this universe. What is defined to be the essenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Last Days 1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthe soul. Cebes is unconvinced that the soul doesn’t die concurrently with the body, which leads him to create an alternative analogy. Cebes’ imperfect analogy compares the body and soul to a cloak and a weaver, respectively. A cloak can be worn over and over again, which represents multiple human lives in a body. The weaver, however, outlasts each cloak until the last cloak dies. Cebes argues that because the weaver no long has a cloak to wear, he will die. This means that although the soul mayRead MoreWhy Is Graham Hess Is The End Of The Worl d Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing Plato and Descartes’ concept of Immortality of the Soul, Descartes’ arguments for God’s existence, and lastly Plato’s Theory of the Forms. All present a plausible argument towards the basis of God’s existence and not believing in coincidences. The Immortality of the Soul is an important concept in an argument towards there being a possibility that there is no such thing as coincidences. Plato’s Phaedo presents this central question, which is the concept of the immortality of the soul. PlatoRead MoreThe Soul and the Body: The Writings of Plato1766 Words   |  7 PagesThe Soul and the Body Philosophy is an old profession going back to the beginnings of recorded history. Since the times of the Greeks and Romans, people have taken it upon themselves to question the reality of their worlds and to wonder what it is that causes people to behave the ways that they do and what it means even to just be human. Plato, one of the most famous of the ancient philosophers, was taught by another most famous philosopher, Socrates a man perhaps even better known than him. Unfortunately

Our Surroundings The Guidelines Of Our Lives Essay

900745662 ENGL 2 CRN 70972 Prof. Park Our Surroundings: The Guidelines of our Lives In The Other Wes Moore written by Wes Moore, the author discusses his life and compares it to another character that has the same name as him. The men who share the same name have lived and endured many different experiences. Factors such as parenting, child development, and even social class, have unique effects on both the author and the prisoner Wes Moores’ lives that may have shaped their future life. The author has also described the burden of an absent father, the difference in mentors, and the social group to be huge impacts to the shaping of their individual lives. I however, argue the environment or the atmosphere is the main reason the two Wes Moore led such different lives. The prisoner Wes Moore lived his childhood surrounded by the drug affiliated streets as evident from his older brother Tony. Tony is a highly associated and incredibly deep into the drug game, it is too difficult to withdraw at any point now. This dictated Tony’s life and he is viewed as o ne of the prisoner Wes’s mentor. Tony attempted to persuade Wes in adopting morals, that contradicted his own lifestyle. Upon this project Tony’s information transfer ultimately failed. Wes could not positively accept the just morals and values Tony tried to teach him. Wes did not have a father present in his life to teach him what is good or bad.Tony who attempted to be Wes’s only authority just like a father, was a badShow MoreRelatedThe Prisons By Doris Lessing1184 Words   |  5 Pages Human behavior is influenced by several factors and guidelines that apply differently in various situations. We are continually obliged to act in a specific manner, or to stay away from certain behaviors. These principles can either be formal or informal rules. Formal rules include laws of the land, whereas informal rules are the morals and social ethics that guide various communities which may not need to be written down, but are constrained within self. This paper, theref ore, seeks to focusRead MoreHealth Care Administrator Of A Hospital909 Words   |  4 Pagesdanger occurs, leaving many lives unprepared for catastrophes or misfortunes. As a Health Care Administrator of a hospital it is important to be prepared at all times, not only is it a duty, but it is the job of the Administrator to ensure the safety of its patients at all times. Therefore, it is the Administrator’s duty to ensure their team is prepared at all times for any and all disasters. Being prepared for each and every incident that arises saves that many more lives. A conversation about DisasterRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Our Daily Lives1683 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years we have come to discover the importance of nutrition on our daily lives. Our daily nutritional intake affects every aspect of our functioning, especially as we age. Unfortunately this factor is too often overlooked. It is imperative that we truly understand the impact of proper nutrition on our lives, as aging is a complex process. Over time the human body accumulates damage in many of its major systems. Countless hours of research have gone into studying the human body and how itRead MoreBusiness and Society Final - Group 06.Doc1478 Words   |  6 Pages Nawazuddin Mohammed Khaja Randy Janssen Olufunto Ogunnowo Ladarien Richardson James Groesbeck Abstract The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the case â€Å"Shell Oil in Nigeria† presented in our text book â€Å"Business and Society†. Here we discuss the company’s mission statement, their crisis in Nigeria, and the resulting outcome of their actions. Further we make some recommendations for future actions that may help Shell’s alleviate their crisisRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesand norms. Sometimes, we as individuals, use our culture’s norms as a guideline of how to behave and how we think people should behave. These enable to have a specific perception and a way of thinking. We stay in our comfortable way of living and never acknowledge that there is more than our regular lifestyle. In today’s modern world, we depend too much on technology. Most of us spend most of the day using our cellphones, playing video games or on our laptop, never taking a glimpse of the world aroundRead MoreSocial Structures and Class in Britain Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesand Class in Britain Peter lives in a traditional environment. He believes in the old values of no cohabitation, divorce and believes that families should stay together regardless. John lives in a modern environment and believes in progressive attitudes such as the option of divorce and cohabitation. Socialisation is learned behaviour. We learn our social status and structure through childhood into adulthood from our surrounding environment and input. From thisRead MoreMeat Is The Staple Of The American Diet1592 Words   |  7 Pageshealth guidelines have suggested lowering the amount of meat eaten in the average diet. The new USDA food guidelines, â€Å"MyPlate,† were formed in 2010 and propose eating 5  ½ oz. of protein foods a day for a basic 2,000 calorie diet. In their description of what type of protein foods to eat, they promote more fish consumption, varying protein sources to include plant-based proteins, and keeping â€Å"meat and poultry portions small and lean.† While this is an improvement from past food guidelines, it isRead MoreSwot Analysis : Supply Business Chains Operations1200 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Business Chains Operations Introduction As is known from the surroundings we live, there are an increasing number of factories and manufacturing industries all around the world, which facilitate our daily life on one hand and pollute the environment around us on the other. Countries, especially some industrialized ones cannot develop their economy at the cost of making the surroundings contaminated. Many a company, such as Black and Decker producing such products as power tools, kitchen appliancesRead MoreEssay on The Persistence of the Legend of a Diety1113 Words   |  5 Pagesprotect. Millions of people live everyday life in accordance with the divine whims of their god(s), whose existence can be neither substantiated nor invalidated. This legend of deity has laughed in the face of time itself, and consumed the lives of billions, but why do so many people believe it? This legend may be held so strongly because people are primed to accept, it satisfies the needs of the community, and it compliments the wishes of so many . God(s), and surrounding religions, have been passedRead MoreI Attended A Summer Program At Columbia University868 Words   |  4 Pagescherishable moments with things physical and current. I was most influenced by the actions of my surroundings; including those made by my family and friends. However, when I attended a summer program at Columbia University during the summer before my senior year, I had the privilege of unraveling a journey within a poem. This journey has had the most impact on the way I view myself within my surroundings. My course at Columbia University included a lecture on the esteemed Langston Hughes. We learned

Skoda Auto International Business Essay Example For Students

Skoda Auto International Business Essay Skoda Auto The story of Skoda is one of struggle and success. Skoda enjoys a century-long history of motor vehicle manufacturing in a small town in the Czech Republic, about sixty kilometers outside the cultural and tourist center of Prague. Despite early achievements, times became much harder during the former socialist era. The physical plant fell into disrepair and quality declined. However, this tale in one of transformation, and Skoda has once again become very successful in a joint venture partnership with the large German manufacturer Volkswagen (Mendenhall and Oddou, 379). At the beginning of 1895 mechanic Vclav Laurin and bookseller Vclav Klement began producing bicycles Slavia in Mlada Boleslav.In the next few years, 1899, the firm Laurin Klement decided to manufacture also motorcycles, which leaded to success in many international competitions. After first attempt at the turn of the century the firm started to manufacture cars. In 1905, Laurin Klement introduced their first car, Voiturette A, which became very successful between Czech classical veteran cars. Its production grew so fast that soon L K overstepped the scope of the family business. Skoda 420 Popular In 1907 the founders implemented the business transaction to joint-stock company. In 1920s, the need for merge with stronger industrial partners was expressed that, in 1925, Laurin and Klement merged with Skoda Plzen (Pilsner). In the following years the modernize manufacturing did not only include cars, but also trucks, buses, air engines, and agriculture machinery. In 1930 the car production in the scope of concern was earned many credits. Creation of Joint Company for Automobile Industry (JCAI) after the world industrial crisis leaded for the success on the international market with new models of Skoda, Skoda 422 and 420 Popular. The World War II had broken this development, which damage the civil program and oriented the production of the war equipment. The JCIA Skoda became the part of German concern Hermann-Goring-Werke and fully did have to orient to the war equipment. Besides the preparation of the various parts of guns, Skoda manufactured also different kinds of terrain vehicles, such as heavy tractors and towing vehicles, tanks, etc. Skoda 1101 After World War II the JCIA was changed to Automobile Factory/National Company (AFNC) Skoda. Skoda started to manufacture new models, Skoda 1101/1102 Tudor, which had got along with the technical success of the prewar years. During the 1950s and 1960s, Skoda again introduced new models, Skoda 1200, Spartak, Octavia, Felicia, as well as Skoda 1000MB. New increase of production, more than million of vehicles, was made by introducing Skoda 782 Favorit to the market in 1987 together with Forman 785 and Pickup 787. After the political changes of 1989 in the Czech Republic, Skoda in Mlada Boleslav began seeking in the new condition of market economy strong international partner that could guarantee with its experience and investments long-term international competitiveness of the company. In December of 1990 Czech government decided for the cooperation with German concern Volkswagen. On April 16, 1991, Skoda, joint-venture, began its forth brand concern with among such well-known companies as VW, AUDI and Seat. (Web Skoda) The goal of the venture was to transfer knowledge and expertise to locals from German expatriates on temporary assignment. Czech and German managers were paired as part of a tandem system for the purpose of exchanging know-how (Mendenhall and Oddou, 380). According to a Czech manager, the phase of the know-how transfer is finished sot he number of expatriates is decreasing, and before 1999 should be small group of foreign managers here who are focused on strategic issues. Both Czechs and Germans agree that the effectiveness of the tandem system is related to the personalities of individual managers, and to the level of knowledge possessed by the German expatriate. Many people don't realize the fact that the Ku Klu Essay Thanks to the modernized measures in management marketing, as well as in the manufacturing process, Skoda Favorit was replaced by Skoda Felicia that with its quality and design was appropriate for the international market. Also other preparations were made for second model rows, low middle-class Octavia that was introduced on the Czech market by the end of 1996 and two year after Skoda Octavia-Combi. Favorit Vehicles manufactured by Skoda Auto are currently sold in 64 markets worldwide. Impressive sales .

Thermochemistry an Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy Essay Example

Thermochemistry: an Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy Essay Thermochemistry: An Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy Heidi Moen Chemistry 151 Lab Section No. 47905 09/02/2010 Instructor: John Weide Abstract: In this experiment, an ice calorimeter was used to measure the energy transferred from a system to the surroundings in an isothermal heat transfer. By measuring the change in volume by milliliters before, during, and after a reaction of Sulfuric acid and Magnesium ribbon takes place in the calorimeter reaction test tube. Two trial experiments were preformed. The average of both trials was calculated to be -363. 7 kJ/mol, which is compared to the theoretical yield of enthalpy change; -464. 2 kJ/mol. Lab partner was John Grek. Results: Table 1 Change in volume in calorimeter after adding magnesium ribbon to Sulfuric acid Time (seconds) Milliliters 0| 0. 79| 60| 0. 73| 120| 0. 57| 180| 0. 46| 240| 0. 39| 300| 0. 345| 360| 0. 315| 420| 0. 299| 480| 0. 28| 540| 0. 27| 600| 0. 265| 660| 0. 26| Table 1 Change in volume in calorimeter after adding magnesium ribbon to Sulfuric acid Time (seconds) Milliliters | 0. 87| 60| 0. 84| 120| 0. 829| 180| 0. 82| 300| 0. 72| 360| 0. 635| 420| 0. 51| 540| 0. 43| 630| 0. 37| 690| 0. 33| 750| 0. 315| 840| 0. 28| 930990 | 0. 270. 26| Sample Calculations Calculations are given for the first addition of magnesium ribbon to H2SO4 0. 82 ml – 0. 32 ml x g/0. 0911 ml x 333 J/g x 1/0. 0049 x kJ/1000J = -372. 99 kJ/mol With the same calculations the result of the second addition of magnesium ribbon to H2SO4 are given -354. 34 kJ/mol Figure 1. Graph of change in volume in calorimeter after adding magnesium ribbon to Sulfuric acid Figure 2. Graph of change in volume in calorimeter after adding magnesium ribbon to Sulfuric acid Discussion After averaging both trials the results are shown to be -363. 67 kJ/mol, which is compared to the theoretical yield of enthalpy change; -464. 2 kJ/mol. The % error is -363. 67/-464. 2100 = 78. 34% Conclusion With getting an average ? H of -363. 67 kJ/mol with a 78. 34% yield, the results where unsatisfactory. If having to repeat the experiment, more precise measuring and recording would take place for a more accurate result. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS We will write a custom essay sample on Thermochemistry: an Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thermochemistry: an Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thermochemistry: an Ice Calorimeter Determination of Reaction Enthalpy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The report must be typewritten (or use a word processor) and should not be written in the first person. Each page should have a 1 border on all four sides of the page. A page number should appear either in the upper right hand corner (or the bottom center) of each page except the first page of the report. The report should contain each of the following: I. Title Page II. Purpose of the Experiment: This should be a brief statement explaining why the experiment was conducted. (Abstract)Be sure to include names of lab partners and unknown numbers. Or you will lose points. III. Procedure: A very brief outline of the procedure(s) you used along with a list of any special equipment should be given here. IV. Drawing of Equipment (this is rarely used): A labeled drawing of any specialized equipment setups should be presented here. If you do a drawing, it should look GOOD. A digital photograph is an acceptable substitute. Cameras are available in the stockroom. V. Table of Data and Results: Data and results should be presented in a neat tabular form (must be typed). All Tables should be labeled. All the data should have units. VI. Calculations: A. Any formulas used should be presented here. A complete setup with UNITS should be shown for each type of calculation. You may accomplish this using an ink pen. B. Graphs should be neat and utilize as much as possible of the whole page without compromising the scaling. Graph title should be an accurate description of what is being plotted. X and Y axes should be labeled to explain both the property plotted and its UNITS. SCALING should be in reasonable increments (i. e. 1, 2, 5, 10 etc. ). For experiments that use the slope, the slope should be printed on the graph. VII. Questions and Answers: Any questions asked in the lab should be answered here in complete sentences. VIII. Discussion amp; Conclusion: In this section, the experiment and the results obtained are discussed that results in a conclusion of what was learned. The conclusion should directly address the purpose of the experiment. Also any problems encountered in the experimentation are stated along with any suggestions for improvement of the experiment. IX. Sign and Date your report. Or you will lose points. X. Appendices: Turn in your carbon copy of your data amp; report sheet as an appendix. Or you will lose points.

Blue Collar Brilliance Essay Example

Blue Collar Brilliance Essay In my observation mentally with Mr. Roses essay on blue collar brilliance, Mr Rose tries to tell the reader on the different levelsof work there is for high educated people opposed to the non educated. Furthermore he tries express through his family experiences in the work environment how a person with a manual labor is not so different than a person with a high level of education, they are equal in job to job views but not in society. My mother Rose Mesaglio (Rosie), shaped her idenity as a waitress in coffee shops and family resteraunts† (Rose, 2009) This is by far one of my favorite statements offered by Rose, from my own experiences in the work field. I like Rose’s mother Rosie started from the â€Å"not knowing† when she started her job, to becoming a highly qualified waitress through hands on training. Take note there is no college eduaction needed for this highly physical job. When I started my work I was as uneducated as Rosie, but in time through hard work and on the job training I was able to adapt to my enviornment and eventually I learned many things along the way for example, I learned just like Rosie using short term memory which finally developed into instinctual movement. Also note I learned how to problem solve, deal with customers, be a leader, and develope a sense of pride when all these traits were molded into one cognitive thinking process. For instance like Rosie I adapted to my enviroments when a problem came to be an issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Collar Brilliance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Collar Brilliance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Collar Brilliance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Education in a formal sense is heavily structured by a society that relies on technology and ab economic stand point. People of this generation tend to believe that a good eduaction is the easiest way to move up the ladder in almost any field chosen. School in turn does not give you the hands on lessons that are learned in a work environment, simply makes you book smart. While on the other end of the stick you have your manual laborers,who basically do everything a college grad does’nt want to do. Manual Laborers seem to adapt far better than a â€Å"eduacted† person because you learn as you go, it may take a bit longer to say â€Å"advance† but the benefits vastly out weigh a â€Å"book. † You learn how a company actually funtions from its lowest job to the highest level, as opposed to someone fresh from school, knows nothing but only what they were taught through a book. A book can not tell you about the reality of the world and its work enviroment, that taught through doing not reading. In conlcusion I have pointed out the difference between a college grad opposed to a non educated person, are they so different? Its sad how society labels people by lack of eduaction. If some of these so called high classed eduacated people would take the time and actually do a job outside of there world, would’nt that also be considered â€Å" Learning†? Think about it, to beccome humbled by your own actions is a learning experience. Society today has a very low sense of understanding about blue collar and white collar jobs. They only look at the cover as opposed to what really lies inside. I firmly believe that society needs a reality check as to really does all the work to make the world move as it does. Also in my honest opinion learning on the job can or is more beneficial than what any college or school can teach about a trade. So next time you see a landscaper, waitress, or maybe even pizza delivery man, think about how hard that person works to make that company succeed, its not the owner who does it. A company is as good as its employees, bottom line.   Referrences http://www. theamericanscholar. org/blue-collar-brilliance/ Quotation by Rose, 2009

Street Gangs Essays

Street Gangs Essays Street Gangs Essay Street Gangs Essay A street gang is a group of young people, with a common identity, and mainly engages in criminal activities.   Most members in a street gang are between the ages of 11 and 21.   These cohesive groups have a recognizable geographical territory, a leadership, levels of organized continuous criminal activities and a purpose.   The street gangs have a common identifying symbol and a known leadership who associate themselves with criminal activities. These groups have a very close relationship and they support one another in their delinquent behaviours. Street gangs may have the commission of one or more criminal acts including murder, firearms or explosives violations, obstruction of justice, narcotics distribution and other violent offenses such as carjacking, assault, burglary and threats. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). For a gang to be identified as a street gang it must have engaged in a collective of criminal activities.   Street gangs may be traditional, national, ethnic or geographical affiliated. These young adults use group intimidation and violence to perform criminal activities in order to earn power and control over certain activities.   These groups are usually unpredictable and unstructured.   Their activities sometimes have no financial gain or a hidden motive. In America, gang activity started in New York during the 19th century.   These gangs erupted form poor sections of the city and they were formed on strong ethnic identities, usually Irish.   Five paints is an example of a gang that was formed during this period.   They robbed, mugged and fought with others gangs.   During the 20th century, street gang activity became rampant although they were making composed of black or Hispanic origin.   During the 1950s and 1960s, those street gangs were found in major cities with European gangs vanishing. Narcotics and firearms became very prevalent in the 1970s and 1980’s.   Those two items attracted more teenagers to join the street gangs.   Firearms made street gangs more violent and increased criminal activities during that period. (Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., Tobin, K. (2003). Street gangs were formed initially for self –protection of family and friends within the same neighbourhood but later progressed to criminal acts that provided a source of income.   Street gangs from different neighbourhool or ethnic groups have been involved in several violence acts against each other to gain power or control over a certain activity. Gangs form the same neighbourhoods have also been involved in vivacity and violence. The first original street gang was formed by a group of students as an informal sports organization in 1970.   The groups name as founded on the address where they lived.   In Chicago the first gangs were formed on ethnic lives by the volunteers of five departments.   The different department of five fighters competed against each other and formed gangs that were later taken to the street.   During the early 20th century, polish and Italian gangs became the most common in Chicago. European – American street gangs were formed in 1780s by young people who were sported hanging out on street corners.   These gangs were formed to protect their neighbor hoods from their rivals.   These groups basically fought for control over street corners and other open lots.   This is where they held their meetings.   The gangs, however, were not based on ethnicity because the same neighbourhood could have a host of nationalities.   These gangs emerged in cities where poor communities lives together. Young adults joined a street gang in order to feel a sense of belonging.   A gong promised to give its members identity. Belonging, wealth, discipline and drugs.   Other young people join the gangs out of fear and intimidations from their peers. (Duffy, M. P. Gillig, S. E. (Eds.). (2004). Street gangs are divided in three major groups based on location, activities and entry requirements.   Ethnic gangs are based on nationality or race of the members. Most ethnic gangs unite on the basis of the ethnicities they hate.   The skinhead gangs and Neo-Nazi gangs both have hatred for Jews, blacks and non-protestant Christians.   Turf gangs are defined by the territories depending on the location of the neighbourhood.   The gangs name themselves by the areas they control and punish gangs that wander into their territory.   These territory barriers have been the cause of many rivalry and violence between street gangs. Prison gangs are formed when members of a street gang are arrested and taken to prison. Members from the same street gang may form a common gang or join other larger street gangs in the prison. Gang members attract children and young teenagers by showing off their lucrative lifestyles and amounts of money. These street gangs recruit young children who are unsuspecting to use them for trafficking drugs and carrying weapons, because they do not attract much attention form the police.   Street gangs recruit their members by performing an initiation; new members have to endure some rites which include â€Å"Jumping in†.   This is when a new member is beaten up by all old gang members.   The new members can also be told to participate in a mission such as steering or killing someone.   Some street gangs have a tattoo gang symbols which new members are required to get. The lifestyle of street gang members involve drinking and doing drugs, hanging around the neighbourhood and sleeping late at night.   During their meetings street gangs sell drugs and commit crimes like breaking stores and theft.   Street gangs believe that to gain power and respect they must commit violent crimes.   Street gangs have signs and ways of identifying themselves and these include similar modes of dressing or having a particular gang colour.   For example the vice Lord’s wear black as their symbol. Street gangs have their own graffiti which symbolize them.   They make these graffiti all around their neighbourhoods to mark heir territories. Street gang believes that invading another gang’s territory and marking it with their symbol or oven destroying their symbol is unforgivable and it calls for war.   Gangs that want to street gangs have hand signals which signify gang membership and loyalty. Graffiti is the commonest way of gang members to communicate.   Graffiti provides adequate information about a gang’s membership and the gang’s growth.   Many street gangs refer to graffiti as their newspaper for communicating messages, warnings or announcements.   Some gangs use secret codes and alphabets as their symbols which can only be interpreted by gang members. (Tovares, R. D. (2002). Tattoos are a common practice used among street gangs to show their membership.   These tattoos are adopted as a way of expressing loyalty to the gang.   All street gangs today are involved in drug trafficking.   Gang members sell drugs and alcohol to earn income.   They are also involved in acts of violence such as robbery and theft.   Members of street gangs are involved in drug abuse activities apart form seeking them   in fact the commonest practice among street gangs is trafficking and use of drugs, street gangs have started recruiting young children to traffic drugs and carry firearms and weapons because, the police do not suspect children much. Street gangs have initiations which are used to recruit new members into the gang.   These initiation ceremonies involve violent acts, where new members are beaten up by all old gang members.   These initiations are very brutal and may result to death or permanent injury.   Some street gangs do not accept a new member, unless he has killed someone or stolen a car.   For women and young girls to be accepted in a street gang, they are forced to have sex with the men in the gangs and other times they are raped.   Just like getting into a gang is difficult, getting out is more difficult and a gang member may be killed on deciding to leave the gang. Some street gang practices are very brutal and heartless. Gang members aim at leaving permanent scares on their victims.   One merciless practice performed by street gangs is the ‘Buck 50’, in this practice a member will slash another person’s face deeply, usually requiring around 50 stitches to repair. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs are highly concentrated in large urban areas. Those urban areas provide a conducive environment for gang activity.   The activity includes drug trafficking, selling firearms, stealing cars and robberies.   In the urban areas different street gangs will fight for control of a particular street corners which is well hidden form the activities.   Street gangs are righting populated in areas overwhelmed by poverty in the urban areas.   Street gangs usually originated from slum areas or less developed areas.   The youth in a certain neighbourhood may decide to form a gang with the innocent intention that they gang will be used to protect its members and also be a source of income. Street gangs can also be formed by teenagers in schools.   Schools that are found in highly populated cities stricken with poverty have a high tendency of forming street gangs.   Schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in rural areas.   School children in urban areas are used to traffic drugs by drug peddlers in the cities and as a result they accumulate the children in the street gangs.   Belonging to street gang is a major achievement for school going children.   They feel they have power and control by assessing drugs in schools.   Being in contact with the known drug peddlers also makes them respect among their colleagues. The MS-B street gang is the most violent street gang in the United States today.   It is mainly composed of Mexican nationals.   It is also the most largest street gang in the united state.   The 18th street gang is also a well known street gang in the United States which used violence and intimidation to spread narcotics its territory. Mara Salvatrucha is a street gang which is not afraid or intimidated easily by the authority.   This gang has been responsible for shooting several law enforcement offices and executing federal agents who interfere with its activities. Black gangster disciples, vice lords and Almighty Latin kings all based in Chicago are very notorious in drug trafficking.   They are known to use violence to control their territories and spread drugs and firearms.   Other notorious gangs in the united state include Hoover crisp, bounty Hunter Bloods and Rolling 60s crisp.   Those street gangs have very well structured organizations in their drug operation. (Wiener, V. (1999).   These organizations involve the authority and become very difficult to penetrate and break.   The organization mainly involves young adults who are used to channel profits to the top of the organization.   What makes the street gangs lucrative is the thousand of outlet in major neighbourhoods, millions of potential new customers and the always readily available jobs. Street gangs have caused a lot of violence among the public and disrupted so man lives. Robbery, carjacking, mobbing, vandalizing are some of the activities performed by these gangs.   Ã‚   Street gangs have rules among them that warn against trusting the future. Their unconcern for personal safety and other delinquent behaviors are weak concepts of future stability. Street gang members are ware that any thing can erupt without warning but still they lack any future expectations. Control or be controlled is another rule used by street gang members. They believe in respect and that one has to control another person and gain respect or be controlled by the other person and respect them. Gang members will use money, violence and disrespect the authority to gain control over a territory. This rule implies people outside the gang to mimic the lifestyle of gang members. It also inspires gang members to use abuse and violence and protect their geographical territory. This rule of control or be controlled has also created very stable relationships in a gang. Street gangs have a rule that enable them to treat insiders and outsiders differently. Members of the same gang use symbols like graffiti, similar ways of dressing, hand signals and a common language for identity. This enables them to distinguish the insider from the outsider. Street gangs use this rule to create identity, belonging, security and acceptance. It also brings unity and loyalty in the gang because they express their frustration and anger on the outsiders. Most street gangs are unsophisticated with a structure that is more horizontal than vertical. The characteristics of street gangs are very exposing. Their leadership is more expected and their ways to resolve conflicts is based on power and revenge. Street gangs have been categorized in three major groups. These include first generation gangs, second generation gangs and third generation gangs. The first generation gangs are based on territories and turfs. Their main concern is to protect their neighborhoods and gain small petty cash.   This category of street gangs rarely engages in criminal acts but when they do, they base it on locality and societal violence. The second generation of street gangs is usually business oriented. Their main aim is business and commercial gain. Unlike the first generations that has a loose leadership; the leadership in second generation is more sophisticated and centralized. Members target more on drug trafficking. These gangs extend their operations beyond their neighborhoods and cities and use high violence to control and protect their markets. Second Generation Street gangs use violence to incapacitate law enforcement efforts that are directed against them and as a result they have brought in security in communities. They are also known to be involved with larger transnational criminal organizations. Third Generation Street gangs are larger with broader drug markets and more sophisticated criminal organizations. These gangs have broader political objectives and acquire political control over areas of their interest that the poorly governed. Control of political powers provides security and freedom of the gang activities. The gang leaders in these gangs act more like warlords or drug barons because they gain control of a specific political region and as a result take treasures to protect the gang’s movement’s and activities. The third generation street gangs have succeeded in reconstructing a nation’s government politically, socially and economically. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs have caused a lot of havoc in the society by bringing violence, drug trafficking, recruitment of young children and political assassinations.

Constraints to the Development of Alternative Energy Essay

Constraints to the Development of Alternative Energy - Essay Example The cause of the problem has already been identified: the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons. Both the absence and increased volume of greenhouse gases are seen to be detrimental to the environment as less of it might cause negative temperature which disallows the earth to sustain life. On the other hand, increased volume of greenhouse gases is the primary source of global warming. Some greenhouse gases are emitted as a byproduct of some materials with significant use to our everyday life. The example of this is carbon. Energy sources are of paramount importance to our daily life. Since the industrial revolution, we have relied heavily on energy to run our transportation and communication and many other aspects of our needs and wants. For commercial purposes, the use of energy has been significant especially in terms of firms’ profit. It was also â€Å"the process of industrialisation that brought about the conversion of fossil fuels into power, heat and light, thereby releasing within a mere 250 years carbon that had lain dormant underground for millions of years†. â€Å"It is these fossil fuels that are responsible for the vast bulk of carbon output† â€Å"Fossil fuels, the energy of modernization, which constitute about 70 percent of global energy output, now threaten the survival of life on Earth† and people believe that â€Å"the key to survival lies in conserving energy and switching to carbon-free or, at least, low carbon sources†. ... On the other hand, increased volume of greenhouse gases is the primary source of global warming. Some greenhouse gases are emitted as byproduct of some materials with significant use to our everyday life. Example of this is carbon. Energy sources are of paramount importance to our daily life. Since the industrial revolution, we have relied heavily on energy to run our transportation and communication and many other aspects of our needs and wants. For commercial purposes, the use of energy has been significant especially in terms of firms' profit. It was also "the process of industrialization that brought about the conversion of fossil fuels into power, heat and light, thereby releasing within a mere 250 years carbon that had lain dormant underground for millions of years" (Blowers, p.208). "It is these fossil fuels that are responsible for the vast bulk of carbon output" (Blowers, p.210) "Fossil fuels, the energy of modernization, which constitute about 70 per cent of global energy output, now threaten the survival of life on Earth" and people believe that "the key to survival lies in conserving energy and switching to carbon free or, at least, low carbon sources" (Blowers, p.209). Two Approaches The government has two approaches against climate change: mitigation which is prevention of further changes and adaptation which is preparation for the possible effects of climate change. In this paper we would be dealing with the mitigation approach particularly the development of alternative sources of energy. "Mitigation strategies involve the reduction of greenhouse gas sources or the enhancement of sinks. Examples of mitigation strategies include switching from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources, improved energy efficiency and planting trees to